broomrape and bursage relationship broomrape and bursage relationship

doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00583.x, Mabrouk, Y., Zourgui, L., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Simier, P., and Belhadj, O. Sci. broomrape and bursage relationship. 47, 4453. Induced resistance an innovative approach to manage branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in hemp and tobacco. doi: 10.1071/SB05009, Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Mller-Stver, D. (1999). doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00594-3, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (1993). In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. FBiH - Konkursi za turistike vodie i voditelje putnike agencije. glycinea induce ethylene-mediated suicidal germination in Striga sp. Plant Cell Environ. Natural pesticides derived of microbial and plant origin are considered to be less harmful because they usually biodegrade quicker, resulting in less pollution-related problems. Abu-Irmaileh B. E. (1994). In those cases, broomrape displays a pathogenic nature promoting disease in the crop mainly through negative effects on the crop photosynthetic machinery and hormonal balance (Stewart and Press, 1990; Mauromicale et al., 2008). doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. Manschadi, A. M., Kroschel, J., and Sauerborn, J. 49, 239248. (2012). (2012). If this works, it will be easy to implement through the fertilizer system.. (2001). Study on viability and longevity of Orobanche seed under laboratory conditions, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research: Progress in Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal: Eberhard-Karls Universitat), 110114. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.1998.00105.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., and Scholes, J. D. (1998). Plant Growth Regul. Phytopathol. Bot. Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), also known as branched broomrape, is a noxious pest around the world and can cause significant losses if crops are heavily infested. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00120.1, Eizenberg, H., Colquhoun, J. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. (2010). Conventional and biotechnological approaches for control of parasitic weeds. 9, 200208. Bot. Weed Sci. Food Chem. consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. It is well-established in autotrophic plants that abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a positive regulator of induction of seed dormancy and its maintenance and gibberelins (GAs) antagonizes with ABA, promoting dormancy release and subsequent germination (Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006). We want to time the application to when the broomrape attaches to the tomato roots.. Broomrape seed has been documented to last in the soil for at least 35 years.. doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. J. Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. J. Exp. A Comprehensive Approach to Evaluate Durum Wheat-Faba Bean Mixed Crop Performance. 2021 Feb 5;2(5):100166. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100166. Plant Growth Regul. The harvest of infested fields or blocks, because of the biology of this weed and its standing as a California Department of Food and Agriculture Class A status, is extremely ill-advised., (Article by Bob Johnson, Sacramento reporter. Broomrapes counteract the high risk of failure in establishment on a host with highly evolved mechanisms of survival. Abbes, Z., Kharrat, M., Pouvreau, J. Biochem. Haustorial initiation and differentiation, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. D. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 3979. Received: 07 October 2015; Accepted: 12 January 2016;Published: 19 February 2016. In some crops, the biomass loss equals to that accumulated by the parasite indicating that damage in the crop is directly attributed to the parasitic sink activity (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998). The effect of nitrogenous compounds on in vitro germination of Orobanche crenata Forsk. (2009). 47, 153159. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00137-5, Ahonsi, M. O., Berner, D. K., Emechebe, A. M., Lagoke, S. T., and Sangina, N. (2003). Dormancy and germination of Orobanche seeds in relation to control methods, in Proceedings of a Workshop in Wageningen: Biology and Control of Orobanche, ed. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 20, 423435. In addition to this direct effect, ethylene-producing bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. The new nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. Control 15, 274282. Plant Cell Physiol. The Broomrape takes its food, nutrients, and water from the roots of the Bursage which weakens the Bursage. (2007b). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.001, Grenz, J. H., and Sauerborn, J. Parker, C. (2014). (2015). Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Simulation of integrated control strategies for Orobanche spp. doi: 10.2478/jppr-2014-0023, Hearne, S. J. Phytopathol. Interactions between the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche aegyptiaca and its tomato host: growth and biomass allocation. Use of ethylene producing bacteria for stimulating of Striga spp. (1981). J. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. Root system in mature broomrape plants is reduced to short adventitious parasitic roots with functions of anchorage and stabilization in the soil and their leaves are reduced to small achlorophyllous scales (Parker and Riches, 1993). The potential of Rhizobium mutants for biological control of Orobanche crenata. This strategy requires a careful calibration of doses and timing depending on the host crop and underground phenology of broomrape determined by local conditions and crop (Hershenhorn et al., 1998, 2009; Eizenberg et al., 2006). Planta. 16, 223227. buca di bacco meaning. 10.1016/S0044-328X(83)80047-6 J. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. 29, 867871. Plant Cell Rep. 25, 297303. Pest Manag. (2009). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60328-6, Lieberman, M. (1979). A member of the tropical Silky Flycatcher family, males are a shiny black and females a charcoal grey. 101, 261265. (2015). Plant Prot. 20, 8184. In the fields I am aware of, the crop was destroyed, the field disked under and methyl bromide applied. In addition it also varies considerably in crops growing under different physiological status, growth stages and growing seasons, allowing broomrape to synchronize its germination with physiologically suitable hosts (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b, 2014; Xie et al., 2010). However, when Vurro et al. Plant Commun. Mater. Crop Prot. The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. Sholmer-Ilan, A. 62, 70637071. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00548.x. 50, 277279. If the vascular connection is not successfully performed in few days the parasitic seedling dies of inanition and therefore quick invasion of the host is of advantage to avoid loss of viability. Omissions? Annu. With target-site resistance, the herbicide translocates unmetabolised to the underground broomrape via the haustorium inflicting its suppressive action in the parasite (Gressel, 2009). Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). As a consequence, except when deeply infested, the farmer (and thus the market) will not retain a solution that has economical negative drawbacks. Plant Sci. 139, 194198. (1997). 34, 610619. The Biology of Parasitic Fowering Plants. The consequent reduced flux of water and nutrients toward the parasite, low utilization of host-derived sucrose and lower levels of soluble proteins limits the parasitic sink strength and yield losses due to broomrape parasitism (Abbes et al., 2009). Application of phosphate or nitrogen to deficient soil reduces broomrape parasitism on clover and tomato (Southwood, 1971; Jain and Foy, 1992). (2011). Agron. In addition, the parasitic-specific receptor KAI2d that enables host detection in broomrapes has recently been identified. (2003). Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1994). Escape and true resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) 18, 643649. For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. A. S. Lpez, E. I. Martnez, T. R. Blas, M. C. Lpez, and J. P. Sestelo (A Corua: Dario Prada-Rodrguez of University of A Corua), 688. The plants have scales in place of leaves and may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white in colour. Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. Acquisition of water is driven by a lower water potential in broomrape tissues (Ehleringer and Marshall, 1995). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Though, the effect of L-methionine on internal crop resistance was not studied and requires further investigation. Is it compulsory to practice social distancing in London? doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015. An official website of the United States government. Induced disease resistance mediated by endogenous salicylic acid (SA) also described as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induces hypersensitive responses in many plant species against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Bot. 19, 217231. Positive regulation: (1) production by each flower scape of hundreds of thousands of seeds able to survive in the soil for more than 10 years; (2) production by the host plant of strigolactones or glucosinolates that stimulate seed germination (blue arrows). Inhibition of Orobanche crenata seed germination and radicle growth by allelochemicals identified in cereals. Rhizobium leguminosarum induces defense mechanisms based on elevated induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway conferring mechanical and chemical barriers to the parasite penetration (Mabrouk et al., 2007a,b,c, 2010). Ann. Peagol and peagoldione, two new strigolactone like metabolites isolated from pea root exudates. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). doi: 10.1023/B:GROW.0000038242.77309.73, Goldwasser, Y., Kleifeld, Y., Golan, S., Bargutti, A., and Rubin, B. Composition of and changes in storage compounds in Orobanche aegyptiaca seeds during preconditioning. doi: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0243.x, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Basso, S., Rubiales, D., and Evidente, A. Agric. The best studied group of germination-inducing factors are strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones. Biol. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.7.1039, Berner, D. K., Schaad, N. W., and Volksch, B. Weed Sci. Sources of low-inducers genotypes exist in crops species attacked by the close related parasitic weed Striga (Rich et al., 2004). The external cell layer at the root tip differentiates into a papillate cell layer forming an adhesion epithelium (Figure 2D). The advances yielded as intense research made connects the major critical steps of the life cycle of Orobanche, the external factors influencing it either through molecular dialog between the parasite and the crop or the soil and climatic environmental conditions naturally opens the way toward the potential effect of the cropping system in limiting broomrape parasitism: choice of the crop, timing, plant protection, soil perturbation, fertilization, etc. Mol. Although host phloem supplies the majority of nutrients including minerals, open xylem connections developed at the host-parasite interface allow additional mineral and water flow toward the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009; Westwood, 2013). Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. Plant Growth Regul. J. Exp. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Branched broomrape has recently been detected in isolated fields in Yolo, Solano and San Joaquin counties, but the processing tomato business has a history of investing in efforts to eradicate this potentially disastrous weed. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010a). Bot. 11, 530536. Methods for selecting hypervirulent biocontrol agents of weeds: why and how? and their current disposition. The use of those amino acids as pesticide is classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as innocuous to public and environment health (USEPA, 2004). Interestingly, experimentation carried out on broomrape species specialized on summer crops revealed their lower requirement for conditioning when compared with species specialized in winter annual crops highlighting the ecological adaptation of broomrape weeds to the cropping system in which they become specialized (Plakhine et al., 2009). (2015). Edits and additions by Ann Filmer, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis; August 14, 2019. doi: 10.1002/ps.1740, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Wegmann, K., and Joel, D. (2009b). 60, 295306. doi: 10.1002/ps.567, Aybeke, M., en, B., and kten, S. (2015). The regulatory consequences of having this quarantine pest discovered are so draconian there may be a temptation to keep the finding secret, Hanson said. Plant Physiol. (1992). Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato. Plant Physiol. Broomrape acts as a strong sink, depriving the host from water, mineral, and organic nutrients with the consequent negative impact on the growth of the host plant (Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998; Joel, 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). 18, 463489. Bacterial inhibition of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche cernua radical elongation. and transmitted securely. Crop Prot. Bot. A novel approach to Striga and Orobanche control using synthetic germination stimulants. Weed Sci. J. Microbiol. Murdoch, A. J., and Kebreab, A. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. Before The insect herbivore as a predictive model in parasitic seed plant biology. Evol. Mabrouk, Y., Mejri, S., Hemissi, I., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Saidi, M., et al. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Bookshelf Weed Sci. Bot. Increasing control reliability of Orobanche cumana through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical. Plant Growth Regul. (2005). 35, 445452. Ann. Although the effect of jasmonic-acid-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) against parasitic plants is less clear (Kusumoto et al., 2007; Hiraoka et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), strains of Pseudomonas sp. Original article from AgAlert, California Farm Bureau Federation.). Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. Planta 227, 125132. (2007). Bot. List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients List 4b. Convergent evolution of strigolactone perception enabled host detection in parasitic plants. The major strategy that specifically impedes the broomrape capacity to penetrate the host once the radicle has made contact with host root, is based on the use of host resistance, either genetic resistance obtained by breeding (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), or induced resistance by abiotic or biotic agents (Gonsior et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Multiple flushes (cohorts) of emergence could be found within a single season . Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). Plant Mol. The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. Cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose doubles the osmotic potential of the parasite. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. Symbiosis 15, 6170. 52, 699715. S. J. Ter Borg (Wageningen: LH/VPO), 2534. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. eCollection 2021 Sep 13. Weed Sci. Depending on the genetic background of the resistant host, the intrusive cells of broomrape seedling can be stopped at three different levels in their way of penetration through the root layers to achieve connection with the host vascular system. seed germination. in Mediterranean agriculture. (2001). (1995). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0847, Toh, S., Kamiya, Y., Kawakami, N., Nambara, E., McCourt, P., and Tsuchiya, Y. A reduced content of broomrape germination-inducing factors in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants has been demonstrated (Lpez-Rez et al., 2011). The biological activity of AC-94, 377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexane-arboxamide]. 61, 97979803. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Certain amino acids strongly inhibit the early development of broomrape without phytotoxic effects in the host (Vurro et al., 2006). High osmotic potential in roots and drop in amino acid levels in the phloem has been reported in tolerant varieties of faba bean in response to broomrape parasitism. Weed Res. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). (2008). 58, 11871193. Were trying to get a relatively low rate of material into the crop, high enough to kill the parasitic weed but low enough to not damage the crop, Hanson said. Weed Res. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. Corrections? A., Charnikhova, T., Fernandez, I., Bouwmeester, H., and Pozo, M. J. Although hard seed coat has been described as dormancy mechanism in newly formed broomrape seeds (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996), water uptake and imbibition are performed quickly by mature seeds through the micropyle without the need of scarification (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993; Joel et al., 2012). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 93, 300313. Plant Sci. Exp. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01802.x, Slavov, S., Valkov, V., Batchvarova, R., Atanassova, S., Alexandrova, M., and Atanassov, A. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.003. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015). This structure is described as the external anchorage device of the pre-penetrated haustorium to the host surface (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). 28, 16. Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth. They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Keyes, W. J., OMalley, R. C., Kim, D., and Lynn, D. G. (2000). Death of the young broomrape tubercles shortly after nutritive flow initiation has been observed in cultivars carrying post-haustorial resistance in the form of growth arrest and necrosis of young tubercles. Plant Pathol. A. C. Verkleij (Nantes: University of Nantes), 294295. J. Exp. Rev. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00609.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. Germination stimulants of Phelipanche ramosa in the rhizosphere of Brassica napus are derived from the glucosinolate pathway. Food Chem. is a parasitic plant that feeds on sunflower roots. Agronomie 23, 359362. Ann. This may well-explain why some several decades of parasitic plant research have not end up with satisfying and largely available tools for controlling this parasitic plant. Effect of amino acid application on induced resistance against citrus canker disease in lime plants. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. 2. Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. Field Crops Res. 113, 321327. Control 30, 212219. 47, 161166. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. There are not figures based on rigorous data for the total area affected by broomrape weeds (Parker, 2009). Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). 47, 452460. -. Broomrape high fecundity, with thousands of seeds released per broomrape plant (Figures 2A,B), multiplies the chances of the next generation to encounter a host and achieve successful parasitism (Parker and Riches, 1993). These efforts were so successful that no industry dollars have gone to this problem since then, until now.. Parker, C., and Riches, C. R. (1993). (1996). Res. Weed Technol. Sci. Phytopathol. We have seen that several opportunities to stop the cycle of the parasite have been explored. a review. 10. Pest Manag. (2007). From 1973 to 1982, the California Tomato Research Institute and the industry as a whole spent over $1.5 million on research, surveying and fumigation to achieve eradication levels of this same pest, said Zach Bagley, CTRI managing director. The control of broomrape by mycoherbicides does not so far provide the level of control required in highly infested soils (Aly, 2007). SA promotes resistance to broomrape. Rich, P. J., Grenier, C., and Ejeta, G. (2004). 37, 3751. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). The damage induced in the crop by broomrape parasitism differs for each broomrape-host association. Target-site resistances have been successfully developed in crops either by classical breeding such as sunflower, by screening mutagenized crop populations such as the case of oilseed rape or by transgenic techniques such as tomato, tobacco, carrots, and oilseed rape (Joel et al., 1995; Aviv et al., 2002; Slavov et al., 2005; Tan et al., 2005). Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR 24. doi: 10.1139/B10-057, Lechat, M. M., Brun, G., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., Simier, P., Thoiron, S., et al. Front. 42 5760. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (branched broomrape) is a holoparasitic plant that reproduces on crops and also on weeds, which contributes to increase the parasite seed bank in fields. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0563, Louarn, J., Carbonne, F., Delavault, P., Becard, G., and Rochange, S. (2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00830.x, Draie, R., Pron, T., Pouvreau, J.-B., Vronsi, C., Jgou, S., Delavault, P., et al. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1989.tb01310.x, Schneeweiss, G. M. (2007). Orobanche crenata in UK- an update. There have been some known cases in the Sacramento Valley, but I think its more than reported, Hanson said. -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). Haustorium 65, 56. Its a root parasite; it cannot produce its own chlorophyll, Fatino said. Biological control of broomrape is based on the use of living organisms either by killing seed bank or interfering with its host-recognition ability. What we have often seen is that the solution has to propose a modification that makes the parasitic life cycle unfit to that of the crop. Weed Sci. The physiology of the established parasite-host association, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Berlin: Springer), 87114. Engineered host crops harboring herbicide-resistance transgenes have not yet been commercialized for broomrape management (Gressel, 20092). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00462.x, Hiraoka, Y., Ueda, H., and Sugimoto, Y. (1999). 7:135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135. doi: 10.1614/WS-06-135, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., and Motta, A. Nitrogen deficiency as well as phosphorus deficiency in sorghum promotes the production and exudation of 5-deoxystrigol, the host recognition signal for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasites. However, in other broomrape-crop associations the damage induced by broomrape extends beyond assimilate diversion. A variety of methods have been developed to specifically neutralize broomrape pre-attached development though the majority of them are not commercially implemented because they are still at the stage of development or have not proved enough efficiency or applicability for large scale crops. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. Delaying sowing date has, however, a general drawback by reducing yield potential under normal development so that plant breeding program tend generally to favor long lasting cultivars with early sowing dates. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.68120. Direct application of strigolactones to the soil has been the subject of intense research. Paris: Mmoires du Museum dHistoire Naturelle, 261273. doi: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1520, Labrousse, P., Delmail, D., Arnaud, M. C., and Thalouarn, P. (2010). doi: 10.1093/annbot/mcm148, Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M. C., Griveau, Y., Fer, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2004). J. This is a crop phyto trial, and so far, so good, Fatino said as he looked over tomato plots in test fields on the UC Davis campus that had been treated with very low rates of a number of weed killers. Control 2, 291296. Front Plant Sci. J. Exp. 4, 123152. 92, 1368. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1368B. Its efficacy for broomrape cultural control can be increased if the farmer includes trap and/or catch crops as components in the rotation (Rubiales et al., 2009b). The broomrape seed bank efficiency to initiate parasitism can be reduced by incorporation to the soil of several pathogens able to infect preattached broomrape stages such as Fusarium sp.